Addiction is a state defined by compulsive engagement in naturally rewarding behavior or compulsive drug use, despite adverse consequences;[4] it can be thought of as a disease or biological process leading to such behaviors.[6]
According to many addiction specialists, potential non-drug addictions can include, but are not limited to, exercise addiction, food addiction, computer addiction and gambling. Currently, only substance addictions and gambling addiction are recognized by the DSM-5. ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions.[7][8][9] Classic hallmarks of addiction include impaired control over substances or behavior, preoccupation with substance or behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial.[10] Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs).
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